BLUE TUTORIALS

Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:

* dog, cat, animal, man, person
* bottle, box, litre
* coin, note, dollar
* cup, plate, fork
* table, chair, suitcase, bag

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

* My dog is playing.
* My dogs are hungry.

We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:

* A dog is an animal.

When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:

* I want an orange. (not I want orange.)
* Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)

When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:

* I like oranges.
* Bottles can break.

We can use some and any with countable nouns:

* I've got some dollars.
* Have you got any pens?

We can use a few and many with countable nouns:

* I've got a few dollars.
* I haven't got many pens.

What Are Nouns?

The simple definition is: a person, place or thing. Here are some examples:

* person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary
* place: home, office, town, countryside, America
* thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey

The problem with this definition is that it does not explain why "love" is a noun but can also be a verb.

Another (more complicated) way of recognizing a noun is by its:

1. Ending
2. Position
3. Function


1. Noun Ending

There are certain word endings that show that a word is a noun, for example:

* -ity > nationality
* -ment > appointment
* -ness > happiness
* -ation > relation
* -hood > childhood

But this is not true for the word endings of all nouns. For example, the noun "spoonful" ends in -ful, but the adjective "careful" also ends in -ful.

2. Position in Sentence

We can often recognise a noun by its position in the sentence.

Nouns often come after a determiner (a determiner is a word like a, an, the, this, my, such):

* a relief
* an afternoon
* the doctor
* this word
* my house
* such stupidity

Nouns often come after one or more adjectives:

* a great relief
* a peaceful afternoon
* the tall, Indian doctor
* this difficult word
* my brown and white house
* such crass stupidity

3. Function in a Sentence

Nouns have certain functions (jobs) in a sentence, for example:

* subject of verb: Doctors work hard.
* object of verb: He likes coffee.
* subject and object of verb: Teachers teach students.

But the subject or object of a sentence is not always a noun. It could be a pronoun or a phrase. In the sentence "My doctor works hard", the noun is "doctor" but the subject is "My doctor".


Source : http://www.englishclub.com

Adverbs of Frequency answer the question "How often?" or "How frequently?" They tell us how often somebody does something.

Adverbs of frequency come before the main verb (except the main verb "to be"):

100% always
usually
frequently
often

Example:
* We usually go shopping on Saturday.
* I have often done that.
* She is always late.

Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently and usually can also go at the beginning or end of a sentence:

50% sometimes
occasionally
rarely
seldom
hardly ever

Example:
* Sometimes they come and stay with us.
* I play tennis occasionally.

Rarely and seldom can also go at the end of a sentence (often with "very"):

0% never

Example :

* We see them rarely.
* John eats meat very seldom.

An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. An adverb "qualifies" or "modifies" a verb (The man ran quickly). But adverbs can also modify adjectives (Tara is really beautiful), or even other adverbs (It works very well).

Many different kinds of word are called adverbs. We can usually recognise an adverb by its:

1. Function (Job)
2. Form
3. Position

1. Function

The principal job of an adverb is to modify (give more information about) verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. In the following examples, the adverb is in bold and the word that it modifies is in italics.

* Modify a verb:
- John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)
- Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?)
- She never smokes. (When does she smoke?)



* Modify an adjective:
- He is really handsome.

* Modify another adverb:
- She drives incredibly slowly.

But adverbs have other functions, too. They can:

* Modify a whole sentence:
- Obviously, I can't know everything.

* Modify a prepositional phrase:
- It's immediately inside the door.

2. Form

Many adverbs end in -ly. We form such adverbs by adding -ly to the adjective. Here are some examples:

* quickly, softly, strongly, honestly, interestingly

But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs. "Friendly", for example, is an adjective.

Some adverbs have no particular form, for example:

* well, fast, very, never, always, often, still

3. Position

Adverbs have three main positions in the sentence:

* Front (before the subject):
- Now we will study adverbs.

* Middle (between the subject and the main verb):
- We often study adverbs.

* End (after the verb or object):
- We study adverbs carefully.

When we talk about two things, we can "compare" them. We can see if they are the same or different. Perhaps they are the same in some ways and different in other ways. We can use comparative adjectives to describe the differences.

We can use comparative adjectives when talking about two things (not three or more things).

In the example below, "bigger" is the comparative form of the adjective "big":
A1 A2

A1 is bigger than A2.

An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun. (By "noun" we include pronouns and noun phrases.)

An adjective "qualifies" or "modifies" a noun (a big dog).

Adjectives can be used before a noun (I like Chinese food) or after certain verbs (It is hard).

We can often use two or more adjectives together (a beautiful young French lady).

Determiners
the, a/an, this, some, any

Adjective Order (with Quiz)
beautiful, long, dark brown

Comparative Adjectives
richer, more exciting

Superlative Adjectives
the richest, the most exciting

The Sentence Type

There are four types of sentences in English. Three of them have high frequencies; they occur in practically all kinds of written materials. The first three types are simple sentence, compound sentence and complex sentence. The fourth one is compound-complex sentence, which is relatively rarely constructed by (beginning) writers, is also in fact useful for especially the upper intermediate and advanced levels of writers. To use each type correctly as well as effectively, the writer has to be able to point out the strengths and weaknesses of the four types. (taken from Barli Bram’s Write Well)

Word Type:

1. Nouns

2. Pronouns

3. Verbs

4. Adjectives

5. Adverbs

6. Prepositions

7. Conjunctions

Sentence Type:

1. Simple Sentence

2. Compound Sentence

3. Complex Sentence

4. Compound-Complex Sentence

Sentence Elements:

1. Subject

2. Verb

3. Object

4. Complement

5. Adverb

Tenses:

1. Simple Present

2. Present Continuous

3. Simple Past

4. Past Continuous

5. Present Future

6. Past Future

7. Present Perfect

8. Past Perfect

9. Present Future Continuous

10. Past Future Continuous

11. Present Perfect Continuous

12. Past Perfect Continuous

13. Present Future Perfect

14. Past Future Perfect

15. Present Future Perfect Continuous

16. Past Future Perfect Continuous

To Be:

Pattern: Positive: S + To Be

Negative: S + To Be + Not

Affirmative: To Be + S ?

Simple Present Tense:

Pattern: Positive: S + V1(+s/es)

Negative: S + Do/Does + Not + V1

Affirmative: Do/Does + V1?

Function: - Habitual Actions

- General Truth

Adjectives: everyday, every morning, every night, usually, always, sometimes, often, seldom, rarely, frequently, once a week, twice a week, once a month, once a year, etc.

Nouns:

· Concrete Nouns

o Proper Nouns

o Common Nouns

o Collective Nouns

o Material Nouns

· Abstract Nouns:

Noun dapat dibedakan menjadi:

· Countable Nouns

· Uncountable Nouns

Singular & Plural:

1. +s

2. +es

3. +ies

4. +ves

5. singular = plural

6. selalu berbentuk plural

7. bentuk khusus

Compound Noun:

Pronouns:

1. Personal Pronouns:

· Nominative

· Accusative

2. Possessive Pronouns:

3. Reflexive Pronouns:

4. Relative Pronouns:

5. Demonstrative Pronouns:

6. Interrogative Pronouns:

7. Indefinite Pronouns:

· Singular

· Plural

· Singular/Plural

Present Continuous:

Pattern: Positive: S + to be + V-ing

Negative: S + to be + not + V-ing

Affirmative: To be + S + V-ing ?

Verbs:

· Finite Verbs:

§ Main Verbs:

* Intransitive Verbs:

* Transitive Verbs:

* Copulative Verbs:

§ Auxiliaries:

* Primary:

* Modals:

· Non Finite Verbs:

§ The Infinitive

§ The Gerund

o The Participle
Simple Past:

Pattern: Positive : S + V (past)

Negative : S + did not + V (infinitive/V1)

Affirmative: Did + S + V (infinitive/V1)

Markets and Monopolies

The term ‘market’, as used by economist, is an extension of the ancient idea of a market as where people gather to buy and sell goods. In former days, part of a town was kept as the market or market place, and people would travel many kilometers on special market days in order to buy and sell various commodities. Today however, market such as the world sugar market, the gold market and the cotton market do not need to have any fixed geographical location. Such a market is simply a set of conditions permitting buyers and sellers to work together.

In free market, competition takes place among sellers of the same commodity, and among those who wish to buy that commodity. Such competition influences the price prevailing in the market. Prices inevitably fluctuate and such fluctuations are also affected by current supply and demand.

Whenever people who are willing to sell a commodity is contact people who are willing to buy it, a market for that commodity is created. Buyers and sellers may meet in person, or they may communicate in some other way: by letter, by telephone, or through their agents. In a perfect market, communications are easy, buyers and sellers are numerous, and competition is completely free. In a perfect market there can be only one price for any given commodity: the lowest price which sellers will accept and the highest which consumers will pay. There are, however, no really perfect markets, and each commodity market is subjected to special conditions. It can be said however the price ruling in the market indicates the point where supply and demand meets.

Adjectives:

· Descriptive:

§ Proper Adjective:

§ Descriptive Adjective:

· Limiting:

§ Indefinite Quantitative Adjective:

§ Numeral Adjective:

* Indefinite

* Definite

§ Demonstrative Adjective:

§ Interrogative Adjective:

§ Relative Adjective:

§ Distributive Adjective:

§ Possessive Adjective: